{"id":2597,"date":"2017-01-30T05:44:03","date_gmt":"2017-01-30T05:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/?p=2597"},"modified":"2021-04-12T12:53:25","modified_gmt":"2021-04-12T12:53:25","slug":"indentured-labourers-women","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/2017\/01\/30\/indentured-labourers-women\/","title":{"rendered":"Indentured Labourers: Women"},"content":{"rendered":"

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INDENTURED women, especially those in Fiji, unwittingly played a very large part in the movement to abolish the indenture system. The Indian public had for a long time been aware of the sorry plight of the Indian labourers overseas, but it was the news of the molestation and abuse of Indian women on the plantations that outraged them most. The campaigns in India to stop the degradation of Indian women in the colonies ‘received wider public support than any other movement in Indian history, more even than the movement for independence’. The Government of India, which had been under pressure for some time from Indian nationalists to end the system, finally moved and waiving away protests from the colonial planters abolished the indenture system in 1916.<\/p>\n

The stories of the treatment of two Fiji Indian women, Kunti and Naraini, attracted special attention, and their names are remembered in Fiji even today. Kunti, a 20 year old woman from Lakhuapur village in Gorakhpur, had immigrated to Fiji with her husband in 1908. Her first four years on the plantation were unexceptional until 10 April 1912, when the overseer allocated Kunti an isolated patch in a banana field, away from all the other workers, apparently with the intention of molesting her sexually.<\/p>\n

Kunti resisted his demands until, nearly overtaken, she jumped into the river in desperation. She was, however, rescued by a boy, Jaidev. \u00a0Kunti’s story was published in the Bharat Mitra and became widely known, which prompted the Government of India to ask the Government of Fiji to institute an enquiry into the treatment of indentured Indian women.<\/p>\n

Naraini’s plight was equally sorry, if less sensational. The overseer of an estate in Nadi asked Naraini to present herself at work three or four days after giving birth to a (dead) child. Naraini refused, arguing correctly that it was the recognized practice for women to absent themselves from hard labour for up to three months after giving birth. The overseer, taking umbrage at Naraini’s refusal, then beat her severely; barely able to walk, Naraini was carried to hospital on a stringed bed. The overseer was arrested, and the case came before the Supreme Court of Fiji. But much to everyone’s surprise and consternation, he was found not guilty and acquitted. Naraini later lost her senses and spent the rest of her life as an insane vagrant.<\/p>\n

From Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians by Dr B V Lal<\/p>\n

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Indian emigration rules required a fixed ratio of women to men among the emigrants. Although shaky in the beginning, after the 1870s, the ratio was fixed at 40 women to 100 men. Reaction in the colonies varied. Some preferred single men for economic reasons, while others welcomed the women as potential reproducers of local labour. Recruiters often complained of the difficulty in recruiting single young women, but in the end, the ratio was met. Of the 13,696 Indian indentured women who departed for Fiji from Calcutta, 3,659 (26.7 per cent of all females) came as members of families, the majority (68.6 per cent) accompanying their husbands and the rest with their children or with their husbands and children.<\/span><\/p>\n

Reference:<\/span>\u00a0 Lal, Brij V.\u00a0& Fiji Institute of Applied Studies. \u00a02004, \u00a0Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians \/ Brij V. Lal ; with a foreword by Clem Seecharan<\/i>\u00a0\u00a0Fiji Institute of Applied Studies Lautoka, Fiji<\/p>\n

[\/vc_message][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_tta_accordion style=”modern” shape=”square” active_section=”0″ title=”Source”][vc_tta_section tab_id=”1591785709714-a299c010-d301″][vc_column_text]Excerpts from the \u201cGirmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians\u201d\u00a0 book by Dr. Brij Lal, Professor of History at the Australian National University[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_accordion][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] INDENTURED women, especially those in Fiji, unwittingly played a very large part in the movement to abolish the indenture system. The Indian public had for a long time been aware of the sorry plight of the Indian labourers overseas, but it was the news of the molestation and abuse of Indian women on the…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2465,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2597","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-authors-blogs","category-41","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2597"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4068,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2597\/revisions\/4068"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2465"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2597"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2597"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/girmitiya.girmit.org\/new\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2597"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}